PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

Production of hard gelatin capsules

7803

6669372

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

As noted above, encapsulated dosage forms are becoming increasingly important due to their obvious advantages over other dosage forms. This section will consider the technology of production of solid gelatin capsules, which are most widely used in the modern pharmaceutical industry, as well as the equipment on which their manufacture is carried out. Characteristics of the main and auxiliary substances included in the composition of solid gelatin capsules. To obtain capsule shells, film-forming high-molecular substances capable of forming elastic films characterized by a certain mechanical strength are used. Such materials include casein, zein, cellulose esters and esters, fats and wax-like substances, as well as some synthetic polymers (for example, a copolymer of methacrylamide and methacrylic acid, etc.). However, these substances have not found wide practical...

Manufacture of pepper patches

7883

6670175

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Pepper plaster (EmplastrumCapsici) is a homogeneous sticky mass of yellow-brown color with a peculiar smell, applied to a fabric and covered with a protective layer of cellophane. Currently, a wide range of patches of various sizes is available: 12x18 cm, 10x18 cm, 8x18 cm, 10x15 cm, 4x10 cm, 6x10 cm, etc.The pepper patch has the following composition: 8% thick extract of capsicum, 0.6% thick extract of belladonna, 0.6% tincture of arnica, 22% natural rubber, 21% pine rosin, 18% anhydrous lanolin, 24% petroleum jelly oil and other components.

Industrial production of plasters

7884

6670177

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Adhesive plasters "Uniplast fixing", "Bactericidal Veropharm" and "Uniplast bactericidal" Modern industrial production of plasters is characterized by a wide range of products. Therefore, it is not possible to consider in detail in one section the production of all types of plasters. In order to understand the specifics of the technological production of plasters, as well as to get acquainted with the main types of equipment used, as an example, consider the production of adhesive plasters "Uniplast fixing", "Bactericidal Veropharm" and "Uniplast bactericidal", organized at the Voronezh Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant, which is part of JSC "VEROPHARM". The adhesive plaster "Uniplast fixing" is produced in accordance with international quality standards. It is hypoallergenic, has high breathability, is easily and painlessly removed, easily tears without using scissors...

Pelletizing by layering

7926

6670597

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Microspheres can also be made by layering a medicinal substance on inert microspheres. The layering process is a sequential application of layers of a medicinal substance from a solution, suspension or dry powder to the nuclei. The nuclei can be crystals or granules of the same material or inert particles. When layered from a solution or suspension, the particles of the medicinal substance are dissolved or suspended in a liquid. When the powder is layered, complete dissolution does not occur due to the small amount of liquid, regardless of the solubility of the active component in the liquid. When powder coating of the drug, the binder solution is first sprayed onto the inert nuclei, and then the powder is applied. By adding a layer-forming component,...

Rotary tableting machines

7941

6670748

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Rotary tablet machines (RTM), unlike eccentric ones, have a large number of matrices and punches. The matrices are mounted in a rotating matrix table. The pressure in the RTM increases gradually, which ensures a soft and uniform pressing of the tablets. rTMS have high productivity (up to 0.5 million tablets per hour). The technological cycle of tableting on RTM consists of a number of sequential operations: Filling the matrices with tableted material (volumetric dosing method). Actually pressing. Ejection. Dropping pills. The operations are performed sequentially in automatic mode. The upper and lower punches slide along the guides (caps) and pass between the pressing rollers, exerting simultaneous pressure on them. The pressure increases and decreases gradually, which leads to uniform and soft pressing of the tablet…

Basic requirements of gmp soft dosage forms

7884

6670180

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

In the production of ointments, creams and other soft dosage forms, there is a particularly high risk of microbial and other contamination. Therefore, special measures are needed to prevent any contamination. Soft dosage forms have specific rheological properties and in most cases are heterogeneous dispersed systems. Therefore, in order to avoid heterogeneity of the product due to uneven distribution of components, formation of gas emulsions and destabilization of dispersed systems, special attention should be paid to the proper conduct of the technological process, the equipment used and the temperature conditions of product storage. Requirements for production facilities and equipment. The environment of the premises, taking into account all measures to protect production, should pose a minimal risk in terms of contamination of materials and products.

Powder screening in production

7939

6670730

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

When grinding solid materials on the equipment discussed earlier, a homogeneous product is practically not obtained, Therefore, such an operation as sieving is necessary to separate larger particles. Sieving is an integral part of grinding to obtain a mixture with a certain granulometric composition. Sieving eliminates soft conglomerates of powders by rubbing them through perforated plates or sieves with a certain size of holes. Sieving, or screening, is the process of separating a mixture of grains of various sizes using sieves into two (or more) groups. The size of the grains passing through the sieve cells is characterized by a number. There are 16 different sieves, which correspond to 7 degrees of grinding.

Preparation of suppository base

7920

6670543

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

The stage of preparation of the suppository base begins with the weighing of its components. In the first stainless steel reactor with a steam jacket, paraffin is melted, in the second reactor, hydrofluid is melted by supplying steam to the steam jacket. The heated hydrofluid is pumped into a reactor with pre-melted paraffin. The mixture is heated to a temperature of 60-70 °With and add cocoa butter. In order to avoid changing the modification of cocoa butter, the heating should not exceed 70 ° C and be prolonged. After the base is completely melted, it is stirred for 40 minutes using a stirrer. In the finished base, the melting point and the time of complete deformation are determined.

Industrial production of suppositories

7922

6670560

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

There are several methods of making suppositories, among them: rolling out, pressing and pouring the molten mass into molds. The rolling out method is often used in pharmacy practice. This method is labor-intensive, low-hygienic, and the resulting suppositories differ slightly in appearance. Waxed capsules are used as packaging for suppositories. The pressing method makes it possible to produce suppositories like tablets in eccentric (crank) tablet machines using matrices and punches of the appropriate shape. The production of such suppositories is based on the transformation of fat suppository masses into powder form, which allows it to pour out freely from the loading funnel. To achieve the accuracy of dosing and the necessary flowability, the suppository mass is cooled in the refrigerator to a temperature of 3-5...

Direct pressing of powders in production

7923

6670568

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Direct pressing is the process of pressing non—granulated powders. From the technological scheme for obtaining tablets, it can be seen that direct pressing allows you to exclude 3-4 technological operations from the production process. The direct pressing method has a number of advantages, including: reduction of the production cycle time due to the abolition of a number of operations and stages; use of less equipment; reduction of production areas; reduction of energy and labor costs; production of tablets from moisture-, thermolabile materials and incompatible substances. The disadvantages of the direct pressing method include: the possibility of delamination of the tablet mass; changing the dosage when pressing with a small amount of active substances; the need to use high pressure. Some of these disadvantages are minimized...