PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

Polymerization and polycondensation

8462

8333209

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

When microencapsulating solid particles by polymerization and polycondensation methods, a polymerization initiator is pre-grafted onto the surface of the encapsulated substance.

Pelletizing in pharmaceutical production

8424

8332829

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

To study the formation of pellets (microspheres), it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of formation and growth of granules. Some theories were derived from experimental data, others were derived from visual observations. Conventional granulation as the most fully studied and classified process of formation of microspheres, carried out using different equipment, was divided into three successive stages: the stage of core formation, the transitional stage and the stage of sphere growth. However, based on experiments to study the mechanism of formation and growth of microspheres, the following mechanisms of microspheres growth have been proposed: core formation, joining, layering and transfer of material by friction.

Equipment for combined processes

8438

8332973

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

The SG type apparatus manufactured by NPO "Pharmedobrazovanie" is used for granulation of powders in a fluidized bed, subsequent drying and dusting. This process is periodic. The body of the device is made of three all-welded sections, sequentially mounted with each other. The principle of operation is as follows: 30 kg of tablet mixture to be granulated is loaded into the food tank in accordance with the recipe. The trolley with the initial components is rolled into the machine and lifted. The air temperature required for fanulation is set, the mixing, fanulation and drying time is set, as well as the cyclicity and frequency of shaking of bag filters. The fan is turned on with the help of a gate that regulates the flow of...

Spray drying method (physicochemical microencapsulation method)

8454

8333130

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

The method of spray drying of the dispersion or emulsion of the encapsulated substance containing polymer and solvent (both organic and aqueous) consists in their dispersion into the flow of a coolant gas. As a result of heat and mass transfer, the solvent is removed from the system and dense particles are formed, the encapsulated substance in which is distributed throughout the volume, and not concentrated in the capsule core. The most widespread groups of substances used for encapsulation by spray drying are carbohydrates, including modified and hydrolyzed starches, cellulose derivatives, gums and cyclodextrins; proteins, including whey proteins, casein and gelatin; biopolymers. The type of shell material used affects not only the encapsulation efficiency, but also the morphology of the product particles.

Extrusion method (physical microencapsulation method)

8457

8333161

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

During microencapsulation by extrusion, a thin viscous film of film-forming material is formed on the surface with small diameter holes, through which the encapsulated substance is pressed. The shell formed in this way is further stabilized by cooling or polymerization of its constituent monomers. For microencapsulation by extrusion, forming devices are also used, which are two coaxially arranged tubes of different diameters (a "pipe in a pipe" device). The encapsulated material is fed into the inner hole of the tube under pressure, and the shell material is fed into the inter—tube space.

Method based on the use of polymers and crosslinking agents

8460

8333193

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Crosslinking of polymer chains is carried out by introducing special substances into the system, which, as a result of ion exchange, form bonds between two neighboring chains. In this case, the process takes place at the interface of the phases. It is possible to use oil-in-water systems containing a hydrophilic polymer and, for example, lower aldehydes as crosslinking agents. In this case, the interaction of the polymer with the aldehyde occurs in the aqueous phase, resulting in the formation of a new phase deposited on oil droplets, since the higher aldehydes dissolve in the non-polar phase.

Coating of pellets, pellets and tablets

8304

8331629

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

After the tableting process, the finished tablet most often needs to be coated. In the modern pharmaceutical industry, the importance of tablet coating is increasing.

Equipment for assembling, cutting and packing leukoplastitsa

8382

8332412

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Equipment for assembling, cutting and laying adhesive plaster (Leucoplastrum), or elastic external adhesive plaster (Emplastrum adhaesivum elasticum externum). It is possible that the assembly, cutting and capping of a small and medium-sized adhesive plaster is carried out on an automated EURO type in the Italian company EURVSICMA. Depending on the material and size of the patch, the average productivity of the machine is 2000 patches per minute. Let's consider the operation of the machine on the example of the production of adhesive plasters "Uniplast bactericidal" and "Bactericidal Veropharm", which, although they differ in the formulations of adhesive compositions and used antiseptics, have the same production technology.

Microspheres and pellets technology basics

8422

8332811

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Microspheres (pellets) are a new type of solid dosage form. Recently, in the pharmaceutical industry, drug manufacturers have been producing microspheres, or pellets (from the English pellet — ball, pellet, pellet), as the final or intermediate type of dosage form for the production of finished dosage forms. Microspheres are increasingly being used in the production of finished medicines, as they have a number of significant and undeniable advantages. Pellets can be tableted with the addition of suitable excipients, they can be the contents of capsules, as well as be part of suspensions. Microspheres (pellets) are agglomerates of fine powders or granules, which, in turn, may consist of medicinal and auxiliary substances. Microspheres are small, spherical or hemispherical solid particles with a diameter of 0.5 to...

Equipment for wet granulation process

8437

8332962

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

The granulate is obtained in the process of granulation of wet mass on special granulator machines. The principle of operation of granulators is that the material is wiped with blades, springy wolves or other devices through a perforated cylinder or mesh. To ensure the wiping process, the machine must operate at an optimal mode without overload so that the wet mass passes freely through the holes of the cylinder or mesh. If the mass is sufficiently moistened and moderately plastic, then it does not seal the holes and the process goes without difficulty. If the mass is viscous and seals the holes, the machine works with overload and it is necessary to periodically turn off the motor and rinse the drum blades. The granulator contains...