MICROENCAPSULATION OF MEDICINE

Encapsulation technologies in production

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Polymerization and polycondensation

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When microencapsulating solid particles by polymerization and polycondensation methods, a polymerization initiator is pre-grafted onto the surface of the encapsulated substance.

Extrusion method (physical microencapsulation method)

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During microencapsulation by extrusion, a thin viscous film of film-forming material is formed on the surface with small diameter holes, through which the encapsulated substance is pressed. The shell formed in this way is further stabilized by cooling or polymerization of its constituent monomers. For microencapsulation by extrusion, forming devices are also used, which are two coaxially arranged tubes of different diameters (a "pipe in a pipe" device). The encapsulated material is fed into the inner hole of the tube under pressure, and the shell material is fed into the inter—tube space.

Method based on the use of polymers and crosslinking agents

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Crosslinking of polymer chains is carried out by introducing special substances into the system, which, as a result of ion exchange, form bonds between two neighboring chains. In this case, the process takes place at the interface of the phases. It is possible to use oil-in-water systems containing a hydrophilic polymer and, for example, lower aldehydes as crosslinking agents. In this case, the interaction of the polymer with the aldehyde occurs in the aqueous phase, resulting in the formation of a new phase deposited on oil droplets, since the higher aldehydes dissolve in the non-polar phase.

Spray drying method (physicochemical microencapsulation method)

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The method of spray drying of the dispersion or emulsion of the encapsulated substance containing polymer and solvent (both organic and aqueous) consists in their dispersion into the flow of a coolant gas. As a result of heat and mass transfer, the solvent is removed from the system and dense particles are formed, the encapsulated substance in which is distributed throughout the volume, and not concentrated in the capsule core. The most widespread groups of substances used for encapsulation by spray drying are carbohydrates, including modified and hydrolyzed starches, cellulose derivatives, gums and cyclodextrins; proteins, including whey proteins, casein and gelatin; biopolymers. The type of shell material used affects not only the encapsulation efficiency, but also the morphology of the product particles.

Aerosol method (physicochemical microencapsulation method)

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The principal difference between the aerosol method and others is the presence of a gas dispersed medium and, as a consequence, with a significantly smaller size of interacting particles and formed microcapsules.