The main component of microcapsules - the encapsulated substance - can be in any state of aggregation - liquid, solid, gaseous. Existing methods provide the possibility of microencapsulation of both lyophilic and lyophobic substances. The contents of the microcapsules may include an inert filler, which is the medium in which the substance was dispersed during microencapsulation, or necessary for the subsequent functioning of the active substance. The content of the encapsulated substance in microcapsules is usually 50-95% by weight of the capsules. This value can vary depending on the technology and production conditions, the required ratio of the material of the shells and the encapsulated substance, as well as on other process parameters: temperature, degree of dispersion, viscosity of the medium, the presence of surfactants, etc. The term "microcapsules" or "nanocapsules" can be understood as many different structures. You can use molecules within which the active substance is retained, as well as complexes of complex molecules from which nanocapsules or nanospheres are formed. Nano-encapsulation is said to be when the size of the molecules is less than a few micrometers. When the size of the molecules is less than one millimeter, they talk about microencapsulation. Various classes of substances can be used as the material of the shells or encapsulating matrix: Waxes and lipids: beeswax, candelilla and carnuba waxes, wax emulsions, glycerol distearate, natural and modified fats. Proteins: gelatin, wheat proteins, soy proteins, zein, gluten, etc. Use both the proteins themselves and their modifications. Carbohydrates: starches, maltodextrins, chitosan, sucrose, glucose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, alginates, etc.

Degradable polymers: polypropylene, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, polybutadiene, etc. The choice of shell material or encapsulating matrix depends on the purpose, properties and method of release of the encapsulating substance, as well as on the selected microencapsulation method. The contents of microcapsules can be released by mechanical destruction of the shells under pressure, during friction, ultrasonic exposure, melting, tearing from the inside by vapors or gaseous substances released when external conditions change, when the shell material interacts with the medium when dissolved in it, as well as as a result of diffusion of the contents when the walls of the capsules swell in the surrounding fluid. Existing microencapsulation methods can be roughly divided into three main groups: Physical microencapsulation methods are based on methods of forming shells using mechanical techniques. This group of methods includes coating in a fluidized bed, extrusion using centrifuges or through forming devices such as "pipe in pipe", vapor condensation (vacuum spraying). Chemical methods are based on chemical transformations leading to the production of a film-forming material, namely, the formation of a new phase by crosslinking of polymers, polycondensation and polymerization. High molecular substances (oligomers or polymers) as well as low molecular weight substances can undergo chemical transformations.
Physicochemical methods - coacervation, deposition of a film-forming polymer from an aqueous medium by adding a component that reduces its solubility, the formation of a new phase with temperature, evaporation of a volatile solvent, solidification of melts in liquid media, extraction substitution, spray drying, physical adsorption. When choosing a microencapsulation method, several key factors must be considered.

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