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Grinding is carried out according to two basic schemes – open and closed cycles. If grinding is carried out according to the first scheme, the material passes through the mill only once. When working in a closed cycle, the main part of the material passes through the mill repeatedly, i.e. the material with particle sizes larger than allowed is returned for regrinding. Closed-cycle crushing allows for a significant increase in the productivity of the machine and a more uniform particle size of the material. Pre-crushing is used for raw materials that come to pharmaceutical production in large or long pieces. The point of pre-crushing is to obtain the material in a form that would be suitable for further grinding if necessary. Roots and bark of plants need pre-shredding. Final pulverization (powdering) of varying degrees of fineness is achieved with pulverizers of various designs. Machines for grinding (crushing and milling) are divided into crushers and mills. In technology, mills are called machines for fine and ultrafine grinding, crushers – machines for coarse, medium and fine grinding. However, this division is very conventional. For coarse crushing apply jaw and cone crushers, in which the material with a lump size of 1500 mm or less is crushed under the action of crushing and splitting forces to pieces of 300-100 mm. After coarse crushing, the material is subjected, if necessary, to crushing in medium and fine crushers, in which crushing is carried out from approximately 100 mm to 10-12 mm. For medium and fine crushing, roller and impact centrifugal mills are used. For fine crushing of lumps from 10-12 mm to particles of 2-0,0075 mm, drum and ring mills are used. In them the material is crushed under the simultaneous action of crushing, impact and abrasive forces. For ultrafine grinding, vibrating, jet and colloidal mills are used, in which material particles are ground from about 10-0.1 mm to 75×10-5 – 1×10-4 mm.
Pharmaceutical Glossary
Technical specifications
For example, when administering the same doses of sulfadimezine, micronized and obtained in factory production without additional grinding, it was found that in the first case in the blood plasma of people the content of the drug substance is 40% higher, the maximum concentration is reached 2 hours earlier, and the total amount of absorbed substance by 20% more than in the second case. When the particle size of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is reduced by 30 times, its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect is increased by 2 times. Reducing the size of griseofulvin particles from 10 microns to 2.6 microns allows reducing the total dose of the drug by 50% (from 1 to 0.5 g), while maintaining a constant concentration of the drug in the blood. The highest concentration of phenacetin in the blood is observed when using the drug with a particle size of 75 microns, and when using the same substance with a particle size of 250 microns, its content in the blood markedly decreases. Enhancement of therapeutic effect when reducing the particle size of drugs can be observed in any dosage form – suspensions, ointments and others, so when grinding is important to follow the technological rules and techniques to achieve the optimal particle size. However, in some cases, excessive grinding can lead to a decrease in the pharmacotherapeutic activity of drugs. This is largely due to an increase in hydrolytic processes or a decrease in their stability in the presence of digestive juices with an increase in the contact surface of the drug substance with biological fluids. For example, the activity of drugs such as penicillin and erythromycin decreases sharply with increasing dispersibility. In the process of dispersion also occurs a decrease in free surface energy due to adsorption of moisture and gases from the air. In this case, the powder mixture becomes loose, sometimes damp, particles stick together, forming larger aggregates, and substances are adsorbed on the walls of the apparatus.
Additional information
In addition, increasing the degree of dispersibility increases the likelihood of side effects of drugs. To reduce side effects, substances are prescribed in dosage forms in which they are dispersed in the form of coarse particles or crystals. If the GF does not specify the degree of grinding of specific powders, the finest powders should be prepared. Grinding of the drug is used to achieve homogeneity of mixing, to eliminate large aggregates in clumping and adhesive materials, to increase technological and biological effects. Grinding of powders leads to an increase in the strength and number of contacts between particles and results in the formation of strong conglomerates. Depending on the particle size of the starting material, a distinction is made between crushing (grinding of large pieces of material) and milling (powdering – grinding of small particles). One of the tasks of the crushing process is to achieve an optimal particle size, taking into account: properties of the initial substances and their structure; application of crushing rules and technological methods; crushing time (set experimentally). Crushing produces particles of different sizes and shapes. In the process of splitting more homogeneous in size and shape particles are formed, although the shape, as in crushing, is not constant. The size and shape of particles in breaking are about the same as in splitting. Cutting and sawing result in the division of the body into particles of predetermined size and shape. Grinding produces a fine powdery product. Depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the starting materials, the following grinding methods are used: hard and brittle material – crushing, impact; hard and ductile material – crushing, sawing; brittle, medium hardness – impact, splitting and abrasion; ductile, medium hardness – abrasion or abrasion and impact, sawing.
Order status tracking
Hello Roman! Thank you for the service and quality of your products. We are very happy and satisfied with the purchase! 12/07/2025 06:47
Hello Lily, Apparently you have tested your vacuum lyophilic dryer LZY-01. Its quality is above average, it will work. We are waiting for your new applications. 12/07/2025 06:48
Good afternoon, we have contracted you to deliver a GK-40 dry powder granulator to Prague, do you deliver to the terminal or to the actual address? 12/07/2025 06:57
Hello Noah, we deliver all over USA including to Prague . The price in the catalog includes any delivery our customer asks for. 12/07/2025 06:57
The MZ-10 expiration date and date handheld printer has still not been delivered. The driver did not answer and dropped calls yesterday. 12/07/2025 07:07
Hello Amelia, Transportation has advised that after lunch driver will definitely deliver the box to your address. We apologize. 12/07/2025 07:09
Automatic blister packaging machine for PVC+cardboard LW-35 with delivery to Wichita. We want to track the delivery status. 12/07/2025 07:17
Hannah, hello. The shipment has already arrived. Now it is in the warehouse of the transportation company. Your manager will contact you to clarify the time of delivery to your city. 12/07/2025 07:17
Horizontal granulator for organic fertilizers JU-80, the price is up to date ? Delivery time to Zurich? Urgent. 12/07/2025 07:27
Eleanor, Please read carefully the description of this model in our catalog. Prices are current. Timing 1-1.5 months. 12/07/2025 07:28
Granulator for wet granulation ZL-25 and Mixer V-shaped for powders VM-05 under contract No. 15 inform. 12/07/2025 07:37
Hello Daniel, The shipment has arrived at the customs terminal, between 16:00-18:00 is scheduled to be transferred to the transportation company. 12/07/2025 07:38
For shipping to Santorini do you have to pay anything extra ? 12/07/2025 07:47
Good day Grace, In our catalog, all prices are inclusive of shipping to the customer's door. Delivery to Santorini is included. 12/07/2025 07:49
Please advise the delivery status of the order. Desktop ampoule sealing machine RF-01 delivery to Dallas. Thank you. 12/07/2025 07:57
Aria, Checked delivery status , your shipment is in transit warehouse in Shanghai. Delivery to Dallas is scheduled for between 16:00-18:00. Please notify us upon receipt. 12/07/2025 07:57
Please inform me about the status of the order Rotary tablet press RZ-10A in Seattle ? 12/07/2025 08:07
Good afternoon, Lily. We have contacted the carrier, delivery is scheduled closer to evening. Please let us know when you receive it. Thank you. 12/07/2025 08:09
The BB-152 liquid filling machine arrived from you today, remember us ? Where's the paperwork? 12/07/2025 08:17
{The original shipping documents will be delivered to Rotterdam after lunch. Please send the signed copies to us. 12/07/2025 08:18
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN PLASTIC BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PRINTING LOGO ON TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- BOTTLE FILLING AND CAPPING EQUIPMENT
- EQUIPMENT FOR COATING TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR COUNTING AND PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING POWDERS INTO VIALS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND SEALING GLASS AMPOULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING HARD GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING TABLETS AND CAPSULES FROM BLISTERS
- MACHINES FOR FORMING AND FILLING PLASTIC AMPOULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING CREAMS AND SEALING PLASTIC TUBES
- SPRAY DRYING EQUIPMENT FOR SUSPENSIONS
- MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUPPOSITORIES
- EQUIPMENT FOR POLISHING AND DEDUSTING TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- HIGH-PRECISION DOSING MACHINES POWDER FILLING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING AND STERILIZING BOTTLES
- AUTOMATIC PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRIFUGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR HOMOGENIZING CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR SCREW FEEDING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR EFFICIENT MIXING OF POWDERS
- POWDER GRANULATION EQUIPMENT
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FEEDING FOR FILLING LINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM TRANSPORTATION OF POWDERS
- FLOW-PACK PACKAGING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WRAPPING CARDBOARD BOXES WITH CELLOPHANE
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND PACKAGING OF WET ALCOHOL WIPES
- EQUIPMENT FOR METAL DETECTOR IN GELATIN CAPSULES AND TABLETS
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING TEA INTO TEA BAGS WITH THREAD AND LABEL
- EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION SEALING OF ALU FOIL BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING LIQUIDS IN PLASTIC AND METAL BARRELS
- EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHT CONTROL AND SORTING OF CARDBOARD BOXES WITH MEDICINE
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING PRODUCTS IN A FLOW PACK
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING FOOD PRODUCTS IN DOY-PACK PACKAGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND PACKAGING HERBAL TINCTURES
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM PACKAGING IN PLASTIC BAGS
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR SELF-ADHESIVE LABELS ON PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING THE EXPIRATION DATE AND BATCH NUMBER TO PRODUCTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS IN STRIPS AND TUBES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING BULK MATERIALS IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FISHING BOILIES
- MACHINES PRINTING EXPIRATION DATE AND LOT NUMBER
- MANUAL EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATING SIEVING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY TESTING OF MEDICINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING LIQUIDS WITH MICROWAVE HEATING
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC DOSING OF CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR POWDERING PHARMA RAW MATERIALS
- PERISTALTIC PUMPS DISPENSERS
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID DOSING
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED EMULSION PRODUCTION
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING AND STERILIZING BOTTLES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING TABLETS AND CAPSULES FROM BLISTERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING HARD GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND SEALING GLASS AMPOULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR COUNTING AND PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR POLISHING AND DEDUSTING TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR COATING TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PRINTING LOGO ON TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING CREAMS AND SEALING PLASTIC TUBES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN PLASTIC BOTTLES
- HIGH-PRECISION DOSING MACHINES POWDER FILLING MACHINES
- BOTTLE FILLING AND CAPPING EQUIPMENT
- MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUPPOSITORIES
- MACHINES FOR FORMING AND FILLING PLASTIC AMPOULES
- SPRAY DRYING EQUIPMENT FOR SUSPENSIONS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING POWDERS INTO VIALS
- EQUIPMENT FOR EFFICIENT MIXING OF POWDERS
- AUTOMATIC PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRIFUGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR SCREW FEEDING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FEEDING FOR FILLING LINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM TRANSPORTATION OF POWDERS
- POWDER GRANULATION EQUIPMENT
- EQUIPMENT FOR HOMOGENIZING CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING THE EXPIRATION DATE AND BATCH NUMBER TO PRODUCTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS IN STRIPS AND TUBES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING TEA INTO TEA BAGS WITH THREAD AND LABEL
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM PACKAGING IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING LIQUIDS IN PLASTIC AND METAL BARRELS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND PACKAGING HERBAL TINCTURES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR SELF-ADHESIVE LABELS ON PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR METAL DETECTOR IN GELATIN CAPSULES AND TABLETS
- FLOW-PACK PACKAGING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHT CONTROL AND SORTING OF CARDBOARD BOXES WITH MEDICINE
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING FOOD PRODUCTS IN DOY-PACK PACKAGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION SEALING OF ALU FOIL BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING BULK MATERIALS IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND PACKAGING OF WET ALCOHOL WIPES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR WRAPPING CARDBOARD BOXES WITH CELLOPHANE
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING PRODUCTS IN A FLOW PACK
- EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATING SIEVING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FISHING BOILIES
- EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY TESTING OF MEDICINES
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID DOSING
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR POWDERING PHARMA RAW MATERIALS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC DOSING OF CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- MACHINES PRINTING EXPIRATION DATE AND LOT NUMBER
- PERISTALTIC PUMPS DISPENSERS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING POWDERS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED EMULSION PRODUCTION
- MANUAL EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING LIQUIDS WITH MICROWAVE HEATING