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Grinding is carried out according to two basic schemes – open and closed cycles. If grinding is carried out according to the first scheme, the material passes through the mill only once. When working in a closed cycle, the main part of the material passes through the mill repeatedly, i.e. the material with particle sizes larger than allowed is returned for regrinding. Closed-cycle crushing allows for a significant increase in the productivity of the machine and a more uniform particle size of the material. Pre-crushing is used for raw materials that come to pharmaceutical production in large or long pieces. The point of pre-crushing is to obtain the material in a form that would be suitable for further grinding if necessary. Roots and bark of plants need pre-shredding. Final pulverization (powdering) of varying degrees of fineness is achieved with pulverizers of various designs. Machines for grinding (crushing and milling) are divided into crushers and mills. In technology, mills are called machines for fine and ultrafine grinding, crushers – machines for coarse, medium and fine grinding. However, this division is very conventional. For coarse crushing apply jaw and cone crushers, in which the material with a lump size of 1500 mm or less is crushed under the action of crushing and splitting forces to pieces of 300-100 mm. After coarse crushing, the material is subjected, if necessary, to crushing in medium and fine crushers, in which crushing is carried out from approximately 100 mm to 10-12 mm. For medium and fine crushing, roller and impact centrifugal mills are used. For fine crushing of lumps from 10-12 mm to particles of 2-0,0075 mm, drum and ring mills are used. In them the material is crushed under the simultaneous action of crushing, impact and abrasive forces. For ultrafine grinding, vibrating, jet and colloidal mills are used, in which material particles are ground from about 10-0.1 mm to 75×10-5 – 1×10-4 mm.
Pharmaceutical Glossary
Technical specifications
For example, when administering the same doses of sulfadimezine, micronized and obtained in factory production without additional grinding, it was found that in the first case in the blood plasma of people the content of the drug substance is 40% higher, the maximum concentration is reached 2 hours earlier, and the total amount of absorbed substance by 20% more than in the second case. When the particle size of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is reduced by 30 times, its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect is increased by 2 times. Reducing the size of griseofulvin particles from 10 microns to 2.6 microns allows reducing the total dose of the drug by 50% (from 1 to 0.5 g), while maintaining a constant concentration of the drug in the blood. The highest concentration of phenacetin in the blood is observed when using the drug with a particle size of 75 microns, and when using the same substance with a particle size of 250 microns, its content in the blood markedly decreases. Enhancement of therapeutic effect when reducing the particle size of drugs can be observed in any dosage form – suspensions, ointments and others, so when grinding is important to follow the technological rules and techniques to achieve the optimal particle size. However, in some cases, excessive grinding can lead to a decrease in the pharmacotherapeutic activity of drugs. This is largely due to an increase in hydrolytic processes or a decrease in their stability in the presence of digestive juices with an increase in the contact surface of the drug substance with biological fluids. For example, the activity of drugs such as penicillin and erythromycin decreases sharply with increasing dispersibility. In the process of dispersion also occurs a decrease in free surface energy due to adsorption of moisture and gases from the air. In this case, the powder mixture becomes loose, sometimes damp, particles stick together, forming larger aggregates, and substances are adsorbed on the walls of the apparatus.
Additional information
In addition, increasing the degree of dispersibility increases the likelihood of side effects of drugs. To reduce side effects, substances are prescribed in dosage forms in which they are dispersed in the form of coarse particles or crystals. If the GF does not specify the degree of grinding of specific powders, the finest powders should be prepared. Grinding of the drug is used to achieve homogeneity of mixing, to eliminate large aggregates in clumping and adhesive materials, to increase technological and biological effects. Grinding of powders leads to an increase in the strength and number of contacts between particles and results in the formation of strong conglomerates. Depending on the particle size of the starting material, a distinction is made between crushing (grinding of large pieces of material) and milling (powdering – grinding of small particles). One of the tasks of the crushing process is to achieve an optimal particle size, taking into account: properties of the initial substances and their structure; application of crushing rules and technological methods; crushing time (set experimentally). Crushing produces particles of different sizes and shapes. In the process of splitting more homogeneous in size and shape particles are formed, although the shape, as in crushing, is not constant. The size and shape of particles in breaking are about the same as in splitting. Cutting and sawing result in the division of the body into particles of predetermined size and shape. Grinding produces a fine powdery product. Depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the starting materials, the following grinding methods are used: hard and brittle material – crushing, impact; hard and ductile material – crushing, sawing; brittle, medium hardness – impact, splitting and abrasion; ductile, medium hardness – abrasion or abrasion and impact, sawing.
Order status tracking
YR-90 dry and wet powder granulator YR-90 month has already passed. Hurry up the factory. 22/06/2025 10:30
Benjamin, good afternoon. The factory has shipped your equipment to our representative, now is forming a consolidated shipment for shipment to customs. We will keep you informed. 22/06/2025 10:30
We have sent to info@minipress.ru photos of the damaged box with induction welding membrane machine FG-08. Please call back. 22/06/2025 10:40
Good day, Aubrey! Damage to the packaging is unfortunately a common practice in transportation. Please carefully unpack the shipment and send us a series of photos. We will take a look and take action. 22/06/2025 10:40
Good afternoon, we received the PR-15 powder dispenser in plastic vials, scheduled in the morning to open the box and test. 22/06/2025 10:50
Mia, Good afternoon. Great news, please WhatsApp +79853643808 to send photo and video report. 22/06/2025 10:51
Contract #12, the deadline for delivery has already passed. Take action at last. Accelerate Tsibulsky R.G. 22/06/2025 11:00
Hello Daniel, we are on vacation on weekends and are not able to respond to messages. Raise the contract, delivery time of equipment to your warehouse in Stockholm to 50 working ( not calendar) days. Action taken. 22/06/2025 11:02
Excuse me, I have important information, please do not deliver my shipment, automatic filling and sealing machine for glass ampoules ALG-10 to Valletta, but immediately upon arrival send it to Milan. 22/06/2025 11:10
Hello Maya, we will try to resolve this issue for you. 22/06/2025 11:11
PU-250 flow-pack packaging machine, please advise delivery status. 22/06/2025 11:20
Hello Joseph, your equipment is undergoing customs clearance. Your manager Natalia will contact you as agreed 22/06/2025 11:21
Good day, delivery time of semi-automatic drum filling machine DF-10 to Debrecen, will the courier call us? 22/06/2025 11:30
Lucy, good afternoon. Natalia will contact you, the shipment has passed customs clearance at the border. 22/06/2025 11:32
Hello Roman! Thank you for the service and quality of your products. We are very happy and satisfied with the purchase! 22/06/2025 11:40
Hello Lily, Apparently you have tested your vacuum lyophilic dryer LZY-01. Its quality is above average, it will work. We are waiting for your new applications. 22/06/2025 11:41
Good afternoon, we have contracted you to deliver a GK-40 dry powder granulator to Prague, do you deliver to the terminal or to the actual address? 22/06/2025 11:50
Hello Noah, we deliver all over USA including to Prague . The price in the catalog includes any delivery our customer asks for. 22/06/2025 11:52
The MZ-10 expiration date and date handheld printer has still not been delivered. The driver did not answer and dropped calls yesterday. 22/06/2025 12:00
Hello Amelia, Transportation has advised that after lunch driver will definitely deliver the box to your address. We apologize. 22/06/2025 12:01
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING TABLETS AND CAPSULES FROM BLISTERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PRINTING LOGO ON TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR COATING TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND SEALING GLASS AMPOULES
- BOTTLE FILLING AND CAPPING EQUIPMENT
- HIGH-PRECISION DOSING MACHINES POWDER FILLING MACHINES
- MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUPPOSITORIES
- EQUIPMENT FOR POLISHING AND DEDUSTING TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR COUNTING AND PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN PLASTIC BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING POWDERS INTO VIALS
- SPRAY DRYING EQUIPMENT FOR SUSPENSIONS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING HARD GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING AND STERILIZING BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING CREAMS AND SEALING PLASTIC TUBES
- MACHINES FOR FORMING AND FILLING PLASTIC AMPOULES
- POWDER GRANULATION EQUIPMENT
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FEEDING FOR FILLING LINES
- AUTOMATIC PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRIFUGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR HOMOGENIZING CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR EFFICIENT MIXING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR SCREW FEEDING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM TRANSPORTATION OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING LIQUIDS IN PLASTIC AND METAL BARRELS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING BULK MATERIALS IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR METAL DETECTOR IN GELATIN CAPSULES AND TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND PACKAGING OF WET ALCOHOL WIPES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS IN STRIPS AND TUBES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR SELF-ADHESIVE LABELS ON PACKAGING
- FLOW-PACK PACKAGING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING TEA INTO TEA BAGS WITH THREAD AND LABEL
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND PACKAGING HERBAL TINCTURES
- EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING THE EXPIRATION DATE AND BATCH NUMBER TO PRODUCTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM PACKAGING IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING FOOD PRODUCTS IN DOY-PACK PACKAGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION SEALING OF ALU FOIL BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WRAPPING CARDBOARD BOXES WITH CELLOPHANE
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING PRODUCTS IN A FLOW PACK
- EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHT CONTROL AND SORTING OF CARDBOARD BOXES WITH MEDICINE
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR POWDERING PHARMA RAW MATERIALS
- MANUAL EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC DOSING OF CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING LIQUIDS WITH MICROWAVE HEATING
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID DOSING
- EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY TESTING OF MEDICINES
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED EMULSION PRODUCTION
- EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATING SIEVING OF POWDERS
- MACHINES PRINTING EXPIRATION DATE AND LOT NUMBER
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FISHING BOILIES
- PERISTALTIC PUMPS DISPENSERS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING POWDERS
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PRINTING LOGO ON TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING AND STERILIZING BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING HARD GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- SPRAY DRYING EQUIPMENT FOR SUSPENSIONS
- EQUIPMENT FOR COUNTING AND PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR POLISHING AND DEDUSTING TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR COATING TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING POWDERS INTO VIALS
- MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUPPOSITORIES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND SEALING GLASS AMPOULES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING TABLETS AND CAPSULES FROM BLISTERS
- MACHINES FOR FORMING AND FILLING PLASTIC AMPOULES
- BOTTLE FILLING AND CAPPING EQUIPMENT
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING CREAMS AND SEALING PLASTIC TUBES
- HIGH-PRECISION DOSING MACHINES POWDER FILLING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN PLASTIC BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR SCREW FEEDING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FEEDING FOR FILLING LINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR EFFICIENT MIXING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR HOMOGENIZING CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- POWDER GRANULATION EQUIPMENT
- AUTOMATIC PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRIFUGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM TRANSPORTATION OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING BULK MATERIALS IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS IN STRIPS AND TUBES
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM PACKAGING IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND PACKAGING OF WET ALCOHOL WIPES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING FOOD PRODUCTS IN DOY-PACK PACKAGES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR SELF-ADHESIVE LABELS ON PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHT CONTROL AND SORTING OF CARDBOARD BOXES WITH MEDICINE
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING THE EXPIRATION DATE AND BATCH NUMBER TO PRODUCTS
- FLOW-PACK PACKAGING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WRAPPING CARDBOARD BOXES WITH CELLOPHANE
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING TEA INTO TEA BAGS WITH THREAD AND LABEL
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING LIQUIDS IN PLASTIC AND METAL BARRELS
- EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION SEALING OF ALU FOIL BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND PACKAGING HERBAL TINCTURES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING PRODUCTS IN A FLOW PACK
- EQUIPMENT FOR METAL DETECTOR IN GELATIN CAPSULES AND TABLETS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID DOSING
- EQUIPMENT FOR POWDERING PHARMA RAW MATERIALS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC DOSING OF CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- MANUAL EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING LIQUIDS WITH MICROWAVE HEATING
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FISHING BOILIES
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- MACHINES PRINTING EXPIRATION DATE AND LOT NUMBER
- PERISTALTIC PUMPS DISPENSERS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED EMULSION PRODUCTION
- EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY TESTING OF MEDICINES
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATING SIEVING OF POWDERS