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Grinding is carried out according to two basic schemes – open and closed cycles. If grinding is carried out according to the first scheme, the material passes through the mill only once. When working in a closed cycle, the main part of the material passes through the mill repeatedly, i.e. the material with particle sizes larger than allowed is returned for regrinding. Closed-cycle crushing allows for a significant increase in the productivity of the machine and a more uniform particle size of the material. Pre-crushing is used for raw materials that come to pharmaceutical production in large or long pieces. The point of pre-crushing is to obtain the material in a form that would be suitable for further grinding if necessary. Roots and bark of plants need pre-shredding. Final pulverization (powdering) of varying degrees of fineness is achieved with pulverizers of various designs. Machines for grinding (crushing and milling) are divided into crushers and mills. In technology, mills are called machines for fine and ultrafine grinding, crushers – machines for coarse, medium and fine grinding. However, this division is very conventional. For coarse crushing apply jaw and cone crushers, in which the material with a lump size of 1500 mm or less is crushed under the action of crushing and splitting forces to pieces of 300-100 mm. After coarse crushing, the material is subjected, if necessary, to crushing in medium and fine crushers, in which crushing is carried out from approximately 100 mm to 10-12 mm. For medium and fine crushing, roller and impact centrifugal mills are used. For fine crushing of lumps from 10-12 mm to particles of 2-0,0075 mm, drum and ring mills are used. In them the material is crushed under the simultaneous action of crushing, impact and abrasive forces. For ultrafine grinding, vibrating, jet and colloidal mills are used, in which material particles are ground from about 10-0.1 mm to 75×10-5 – 1×10-4 mm.
Pharmaceutical Glossary
Technical specifications
For example, when administering the same doses of sulfadimezine, micronized and obtained in factory production without additional grinding, it was found that in the first case in the blood plasma of people the content of the drug substance is 40% higher, the maximum concentration is reached 2 hours earlier, and the total amount of absorbed substance by 20% more than in the second case. When the particle size of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is reduced by 30 times, its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect is increased by 2 times. Reducing the size of griseofulvin particles from 10 microns to 2.6 microns allows reducing the total dose of the drug by 50% (from 1 to 0.5 g), while maintaining a constant concentration of the drug in the blood. The highest concentration of phenacetin in the blood is observed when using the drug with a particle size of 75 microns, and when using the same substance with a particle size of 250 microns, its content in the blood markedly decreases. Enhancement of therapeutic effect when reducing the particle size of drugs can be observed in any dosage form – suspensions, ointments and others, so when grinding is important to follow the technological rules and techniques to achieve the optimal particle size. However, in some cases, excessive grinding can lead to a decrease in the pharmacotherapeutic activity of drugs. This is largely due to an increase in hydrolytic processes or a decrease in their stability in the presence of digestive juices with an increase in the contact surface of the drug substance with biological fluids. For example, the activity of drugs such as penicillin and erythromycin decreases sharply with increasing dispersibility. In the process of dispersion also occurs a decrease in free surface energy due to adsorption of moisture and gases from the air. In this case, the powder mixture becomes loose, sometimes damp, particles stick together, forming larger aggregates, and substances are adsorbed on the walls of the apparatus.
Additional information
In addition, increasing the degree of dispersibility increases the likelihood of side effects of drugs. To reduce side effects, substances are prescribed in dosage forms in which they are dispersed in the form of coarse particles or crystals. If the GF does not specify the degree of grinding of specific powders, the finest powders should be prepared. Grinding of the drug is used to achieve homogeneity of mixing, to eliminate large aggregates in clumping and adhesive materials, to increase technological and biological effects. Grinding of powders leads to an increase in the strength and number of contacts between particles and results in the formation of strong conglomerates. Depending on the particle size of the starting material, a distinction is made between crushing (grinding of large pieces of material) and milling (powdering – grinding of small particles). One of the tasks of the crushing process is to achieve an optimal particle size, taking into account: properties of the initial substances and their structure; application of crushing rules and technological methods; crushing time (set experimentally). Crushing produces particles of different sizes and shapes. In the process of splitting more homogeneous in size and shape particles are formed, although the shape, as in crushing, is not constant. The size and shape of particles in breaking are about the same as in splitting. Cutting and sawing result in the division of the body into particles of predetermined size and shape. Grinding produces a fine powdery product. Depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the starting materials, the following grinding methods are used: hard and brittle material – crushing, impact; hard and ductile material – crushing, sawing; brittle, medium hardness – impact, splitting and abrasion; ductile, medium hardness – abrasion or abrasion and impact, sawing.
Order status tracking
How to contact you for shipment tracking ? Industrial vibrating screen VS-04. 03/05/2024 18:49
Good afternoon, Emily, My WhastApp is +79853643808, Manager Natalia +79153808881 during business hours and except weekends. 03/05/2024 18:50
Good day, I want tomorrow until 17:30 to get FF-02 tablet and capsule filling machine in Budapest? 03/05/2024 18:59
Good afternoon, Emma! We have contacted the transportation company, your shipment is arriving in Budapest without delay. Please wait for a call from a representative of Business Lines. 03/05/2024 19:02
YR-90 dry and wet powder granulator YR-90 month has already passed. Hurry up the factory. 03/05/2024 19:09
Aria, good afternoon. The factory has shipped your equipment to our representative, now is forming a consolidated shipment for shipment to customs. We will keep you informed. 03/05/2024 19:12
I'm waiting to get my XL-12 plastic bottle filling and capping machine to Crete, then I want to buy an automatic capsule machine model GN-28 03/05/2024 19:19
Good afternoon, Dylan! On the first question - the shipment will arrive in Crete tomorrow until 15:30. On the second question - the model GN-28 will be processed under a new contract ? Contact the office. 03/05/2024 19:21
We have sent to info@minipress.ru photos of the damaged box with induction welding membrane machine FG-08. Please call back. 03/05/2024 19:29
Good day, Lila! Damage to the packaging is unfortunately a common practice in transportation. Please carefully unpack the shipment and send us a series of photos. We will take a look and take action. 03/05/2024 19:32
Good day, delivery time of semi-automatic drum filling machine DF-10 to Ljubljana, will the courier call us? 03/05/2024 19:39
Natalie, good afternoon. Natalia will contact you, the shipment has passed customs clearance at the border. 03/05/2024 19:42
Contract #12, the deadline for delivery has already passed. Take action at last. Accelerate Tsibulsky R.G. 03/05/2024 19:49
Hello Hazel, we are on vacation on weekends and are not able to respond to messages. Raise the contract, delivery time of equipment to your warehouse in Paris to 50 working ( not calendar) days. Action taken. 03/05/2024 19:52
Good day, delivery time of semi-automatic drum filling machine DF-10 to Tournai, will the courier call us? 03/05/2024 19:59
Benjamin, good afternoon. Natalia will contact you, the shipment has passed customs clearance at the border. 03/05/2024 20:01
We're from New Jersey, we paid for the equipment on your invoice yesterday. Has the payment been received? How long will it take to deliver to us? 03/05/2024 20:09
Lucas, hello. Payment is credited to our settlement account. Term of manufacture of your equipment by the factory 20 working days, delivery from the factory to our warehouse in the USA 1 month, delivery from the warehouse in Houston 15 calendar days. 03/05/2024 20:12
LB-205 horizontal automatic wet alcohol wipes packaging machine delivery status ...thank you 03/05/2024 20:19
Hello Hazel, it is too early to check the status of your order. In 30 days only the epat of production will be completed. 03/05/2024 20:21
- HIGH-PRECISION DOSING MACHINES POWDER FILLING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR COUNTING AND PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR COATING TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PRINTING LOGO ON TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING POWDERS INTO VIALS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND SEALING GLASS AMPOULES
- SPRAY DRYING EQUIPMENT FOR SUSPENSIONS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING CREAMS AND SEALING PLASTIC TUBES
- MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUPPOSITORIES
- BOTTLE FILLING AND CAPPING EQUIPMENT
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING TABLETS AND CAPSULES FROM BLISTERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN PLASTIC BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR POLISHING AND DEDUSTING TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING HARD GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING AND STERILIZING BOTTLES
- MACHINES FOR FORMING AND FILLING PLASTIC AMPOULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR HOMOGENIZING CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FEEDING FOR FILLING LINES
- AUTOMATIC PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRIFUGES
- POWDER GRANULATION EQUIPMENT
- EQUIPMENT FOR SCREW FEEDING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM TRANSPORTATION OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR EFFICIENT MIXING OF POWDERS
- FLOW-PACK PACKAGING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WRAPPING CARDBOARD BOXES WITH CELLOPHANE
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND PACKAGING HERBAL TINCTURES
- AUTOMATIC CARTONING MACHINES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND PACKAGING OF WET ALCOHOL WIPES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING PRODUCTS IN A FLOW PACK
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM PACKAGING IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS IN STRIPS AND TUBES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING TEA INTO TEA BAGS WITH THREAD AND LABEL
- EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION SEALING OF ALU FOIL BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR METAL DETECTOR IN GELATIN CAPSULES AND TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHT CONTROL AND SORTING OF CARDBOARD BOXES WITH MEDICINE
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING FOOD PRODUCTS IN DOY-PACK PACKAGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING THE EXPIRATION DATE AND BATCH NUMBER TO PRODUCTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING BULK MATERIALS IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING LIQUIDS IN PLASTIC AND METAL BARRELS
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR SELF-ADHESIVE LABELS ON PACKAGING
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED EMULSION PRODUCTION
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FISHING BOILIES
- PERISTALTIC PUMPS DISPENSERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC DOSING OF CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- MANUAL EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- MACHINES PRINTING EXPIRATION DATE AND LOT NUMBER
- EQUIPMENT FOR POWDERING PHARMA RAW MATERIALS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING POWDERS
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING LIQUIDS WITH MICROWAVE HEATING
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY TESTING OF MEDICINES
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID DOSING
- EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATING SIEVING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR COUNTING AND PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR POLISHING AND DEDUSTING TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PRINTING LOGO ON TABLETS AND CAPSULES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING TABLETS AND CAPSULES FROM BLISTERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND SEALING GLASS AMPOULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING HARD GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING CREAMS AND SEALING PLASTIC TUBES
- SPRAY DRYING EQUIPMENT FOR SUSPENSIONS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING POWDERS INTO VIALS
- EQUIPMENT FOR COATING TABLETS
- HIGH-PRECISION DOSING MACHINES POWDER FILLING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS AND CAPSULES IN PLASTIC BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WASHING AND STERILIZING BOTTLES
- MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUPPOSITORIES
- BOTTLE FILLING AND CAPPING EQUIPMENT
- MACHINES FOR FORMING AND FILLING PLASTIC AMPOULES
- EQUIPMENT FOR EFFICIENT MIXING OF POWDERS
- POWDER GRANULATION EQUIPMENT
- EQUIPMENT FOR HOMOGENIZING CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM TRANSPORTATION OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR SCREW FEEDING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FEEDING FOR FILLING LINES
- AUTOMATIC PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRIFUGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING BULK MATERIALS IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING LIQUIDS IN PLASTIC AND METAL BARRELS
- EQUIPMENT FOR METAL DETECTOR IN GELATIN CAPSULES AND TABLETS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING FOOD PRODUCTS IN DOY-PACK PACKAGES
- EQUIPMENT FOR VACUUM PACKAGING IN PLASTIC BAGS
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKING TEA INTO TEA BAGS WITH THREAD AND LABEL
- EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING THE EXPIRATION DATE AND BATCH NUMBER TO PRODUCTS
- AUTOMATIC CARTONING MACHINES
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING PRODUCTS IN A FLOW PACK
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION SEALING OF ALU FOIL BOTTLES
- EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHT CONTROL AND SORTING OF CARDBOARD BOXES WITH MEDICINE
- EQUIPMENT FOR WRAPPING CARDBOARD BOXES WITH CELLOPHANE
- EQUIPMENT FOR PACKAGING TABLETS IN STRIPS AND TUBES
- EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING AND PACKAGING HERBAL TINCTURES
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND PACKAGING OF WET ALCOHOL WIPES
- FLOW-PACK PACKAGING MACHINES
- AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR SELF-ADHESIVE LABELS ON PACKAGING
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR BLISTER PACKAGING
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATING SIEVING OF POWDERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMATIC DOSING OF CREAMS AND OINTMENTS
- EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FISHING BOILIES
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID DOSING
- EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY TESTING OF MEDICINES
- SEMI-AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES
- PERISTALTIC PUMPS DISPENSERS
- EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING LIQUIDS WITH MICROWAVE HEATING
- MANUAL EQUIPMENT FOR FILLING GELATIN CAPSULES WITH POWDER
- EQUIPMENT FOR POWDERING PHARMA RAW MATERIALS
- DESKTOP EQUIPMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED EMULSION PRODUCTION
- MACHINES PRINTING EXPIRATION DATE AND LOT NUMBER