In modern pharmaceutical production, the following methods of applying film coatings are used.Coating in drums; coating in a fluidized bed (spraying from above, spraying from below, coating tangentially); technology of jet fluidization. Coating in drums has already been discussed in the section "Methods and equipment for coating".The technological parameters of the film coating process are: temperature, quantity and humidity of incoming and outgoing air, spray rate and pressure from the nozzle, layer temperature. At the same time, the technological parameters can be adjustable (temperature and amount of incoming air), unregulated (humidity at the inlet) and fixed (spray rate and duration of the process. DIOSNA has developed a vertical centrifugal coater VCC (from the English coater — coating plant). Unlike conventional drum-type coating systems, the VCC...
After the tableting process, the finished tablet most often needs to be coated. In the modern pharmaceutical industry, the importance of tablet coating is increasing.
Equipment for assembling, cutting and laying adhesive plaster (Leucoplastrum), or elastic external adhesive plaster (Emplastrum adhaesivum elasticum externum). It is possible that the assembly, cutting and capping of a small and medium-sized adhesive plaster is carried out on an automated EURO type in the Italian company EURVSICMA. Depending on the material and size of the patch, the average productivity of the machine is 2000 patches per minute. Let's consider the operation of the machine on the example of the production of adhesive plasters "Uniplast bactericidal" and "Bactericidal Veropharm", which, although they differ in the formulations of adhesive compositions and used antiseptics, have the same production technology.
Microspheres (pellets) are a new type of solid dosage form. Recently, in the pharmaceutical industry, drug manufacturers have been producing microspheres, or pellets (from the English pellet — ball, pellet, pellet), as the final or intermediate type of dosage form for the production of finished dosage forms. Microspheres are increasingly being used in the production of finished medicines, as they have a number of significant and undeniable advantages. Pellets can be tableted with the addition of suitable excipients, they can be the contents of capsules, as well as be part of suspensions. Microspheres (pellets) are agglomerates of fine powders or granules, which, in turn, may consist of medicinal and auxiliary substances. Microspheres are small, spherical or hemispherical solid particles with a diameter of 0.5 to...
The granulate is obtained in the process of granulation of wet mass on special granulator machines. The principle of operation of granulators is that the material is wiped with blades, springy wolves or other devices through a perforated cylinder or mesh. To ensure the wiping process, the machine must operate at an optimal mode without overload so that the wet mass passes freely through the holes of the cylinder or mesh. If the mass is sufficiently moistened and moderately plastic, then it does not seal the holes and the process goes without difficulty. If the mass is viscous and seals the holes, the machine works with overload and it is necessary to periodically turn off the motor and rinse the drum blades. The granulator contains...
From the point of view of technology (production cycle), as well as the physico-chemical nature of the basis and the nature of the distribution of medicinal substances in the basis, the classification of ointments by the type of dispersed systems is of the greatest importance. According to this classification, homogeneous and heterogeneous ointments are distinguished. Homogeneous ointments are characterized by the absence of an interfacial interface between medicinal substances and the base. In such ointments, medicinal substances are distributed in the base according to the type of solution, i.e. brought to molecular or micellar dispersion. Depending on the method of preparation, these can be: ointments-alloys, which are a combination of several fusible mutually soluble components; ointments-solutions that contain medicinal substances dissolved in the base; extraction...
Ointments contain medicinal and auxiliary substances that should be evenly distributed in the dosage form. Excipients form a simple or complex base. Thus, the ointment base is the carrier of the medicinal substance. Depending on the composition, it can have an effect on the release, bioavailability and therapeutic effect of the medicinal substance. The bases provide the necessary mass of ointment, proper concentration of medicinal substances, soft consistency and have a significant impact on the stability of ointments. The degree of release of medicinal substances from ointments, the speed and completeness of their resorption largely depend on the nature and properties of the base. For example, an ointment of 2% boric acid on a consistent emulsion basis exhibits the same therapeutic activity as a similar...
Of soft medicines for external use, ointments are most often used, which consist of an ointment base and a medicinal substance evenly distributed in it. Ointments are soft medicines for topical use, the dispersion medium of which, at a set storage temperature, has a non—Newtonian type of flow and high values of rheological parameters. They are highly viscous liquids capable of forming a smooth continuous film on the surface of the skin or mucous membrane. Ointments are the official dosage form intended for application to the skin, wound or mucous membranes. Despite the fact that ointments belong to the oldest medicinal forms mentioned in the Ebers papyrus, the works of Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna, they have not lost their significance today, in modern medicine.
Depending on the purpose of the ointment is divided into the following groups: medical ointments — ointments used for treatment, prevention, diagnosis in dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, dentistry, obstetrics, gynecology and other areas of clinical medicine. Cosmetic ointments — decorative, therapeutic, hygienic, for professional cosmetics - are used to soften and nourish the skin. The vitamins contained in them bring these ointments closer to therapeutic ones. Protective ointments — ointments used as personal protective equipment, ointments-films. They are used to protect hands and exposed parts of the body from the effects of chemical irritants in production and in everyday life. Electrode ointments are ointments and pastes for registering biological currents (physiotherapy, encephalography, electrocardiography, etc.). Their role is to fix the electrodes on the body, as well...
Corrective substances are added to the composition of tablets in order to improve their taste, color and smell. Corrective substances are of great importance in pediatric medical practice. It has been established that an effective therapeutic agent with an unpleasant taste in children has many times less effect or does not have a therapeutic effect at all. It is necessary to take into account the possibility of changing the absorption of LV from corrected dosage forms. It is known, for example, that sugar syrup and some fruit syrups reduce the resorption of amidopyrine, antibiotics from the dosage forms corrected by them.with
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